Over the centuries Lent accomplished two basic purposes:
1. Recommit ourselves to Christ and Deny Satan through various practices.These included prayer, fasting, merciful works (corporal and spiritual), praying with the Bible, frequent confession, the Eucharist.
2. To prepare ourselves to renew our baptismal promises
It grew in the early Christian period to bind the Christian community together to withstand various external pressures.
The practice of Lent as we know it can be traced back to the Old Testament. New Testament writers drew upon the earlier Scripture and Tradition to develop a penitential characteristic aimed at helping Christian cleanse their hearts and unite their sufferings with those of Christ on the cross. Over the past two millennia the season has remained rooted in biblical traditions and popular devotions and its development has crystallized. Yet its origins remain unclear, despite how firmly ensconced it is in Christendom.
The word “Lent” is derived from the words lencten or lente, Anglo-Saxon for “spring,” and lenctentid, or “springtide.” The Lenten structure comprises a penitential season that begins on Ash Wednesday and concludes on Holy Thursday with Vespers followed by the Mass of the Last Supper. It has been refined throughout the ages to what we now know as the forty-day period of abstinence, fasting, merciful works, and prayer.
Possible models for the origin and development of Lent are Old Testament figures Moses and Elijah, and the spiritual journey of Christ in the desert. God brought up the Israelites from slavery by the Egyptians. Once freed, they underwent a forty-year purification by wandering in the desert where they had been cleansed, in part by the serpent lifted on high (a type of Christ on the cross) and across the Jordan (waters of baptism) into the Promised Land, the New Heaven and Earth promised by God.
Lent finds its meaning and origin in Easter. Historically, it was also used by the church to solidify the Christian community in its early years.
The earliest reference to a period of fasting and prayer before Easter is in the writings of the 2nd c. church father Irenaus of Lyons (c.130-c.200), who wrote of a period lasting only two or three days. Apparently at that time there was a variety of practices, with some fasting for one day while others fasted for two. But the interesting thing is that it seems that there was a widespread practice of fasting before Easter. He also argues that the practice already has a long history, so it is possible that it goes back to the 1st century.
A few years later, Tertullian also makes reference to a period of fasting before Easter.
The first mention of the ancient term for Lent, tessarakoste, occurs in the fifth canon of the Council of Nicea (325 AD). A few years earlier in 311, Athanasius wrote to his flock that they should practice a period of 40 days of fasting prior to the stricter fast of the Holy Week (the week before Easter). In 339 he wrote another letter urging the people of Alexandria to observe 40 days of fasting as a custom that was universally practiced “to the end that while all the world is fasting, we who are in Egypt should not become a laughing-stock as the only people who do not fast but take our pleasure in those days.”
Thus there is clear evidence that a period of fasting before Easter was practiced at least during the 2nd century, and that by the 4th century there was a wide-spread practice of a 40 day fast. The reason for 40 days is probably to be found in the biblical significance of that number in the lives of Noah, Moses, Jonah, and Christ.
From the beginning, the annual remembrance and celebration of Jesus’s resurrection and, consequently, of our redemption—Easter—has been the principal feast of the Church, the high point and culmination of the Christian year. As such, Easter was regarded from the earliest times as the most appropriate time for persons to enter the church through the sacrament of baptism.
It wasn’t easy being a Christian in the centuries after Jesus . Lent grew up during the "growing pains" of Christianity. Conversion divided families and communities. The Church needed to clarify the meaning of Christian faith and life so that its members would form a community that could withstand the pressures of an inhospitable environment.
Understanding this need for clarity of faith, the Church required the candidates for baptism, known as catechumens, to undergo a long and rigorous period of training, instruction and scrutiny. The final stage of their preparation came in the last few weeks before Easter when they entered into an especially intense time of fasts and frequent meetings for prayers, instructions, blessings and exorcisms.
Four elements leading to baptism were developed – entering, prayer/growth, illumination, and commit ment . According to author Alexander Shia in Hidden Power of the Gospel these steps "perfectly echo the lessons taught in the gospel order of Matthew, Mark, John, and Luke. Scholars tell us that the full four-step process leading to baptism had formally appeared by 300 CE. The four-step process for baptism and the gospel sequence so perfectly mirror each other that we surmise the two grew together and likely became common practice in the same time period, sometime between 180 and 300 CE."
The candidate themselves realized they had to ready themselves in mind and spirit. By the end of the second century, all Christians fasted at least a day or more in preparation for Easter, depending upon the level of their devotion. By the fourth century, it had become customary for devout priests and lay persons to join the catechumens in their more intense fasts, instructions and other preparations.
During this time began the emergence of what is now the traditional number of days to fast before Easter: 40 days, following the biblical witness of Jesus’ 40-day fast in the wilderness, Moses’ 40 days with God on Mount Sinai, and Elijah’s 40 days of wandering as he journeyed to Horeb, the mountain of God
So Lent over the centuries has broadened its range of activities. Yes , it is a time of "giving up " fasting, abstinence, penance but more importantly a time of "growing into" through prayer, self-discipline, study, reflection and reaching out and serving others.
We don’t just do it individually but also collectively in Lent. It is a special time for the whole Church to be on a retreat, to take inventory and reexamine priorities, to leave sin and self behind in the love and service of God and our neighbors. To keep a good Lent means to draw closer to God and one another and to prepare ourselves once again to renew our covenant with God through the reciting of our baptismal vows. Lent is a time to prepare to enter afresh into the mystery of Jesus ‘ resurrection and importantly our redemption.
